# Nutrition and diets in Sjögren's syndrome
Mediterranean dietary pattern
ProveniIncluded in official guidelines, or approved by EMA or FDA
The Mediterranean diet pattern consists mainly of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, olive oil, fish and moderate amounts of dairy and nuts. It limits red meat and ultra-processed food.
Recent research (2026) shows that a Mediterranean diet pattern is associated with less severe symptoms in Sjögren's syndrome. A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2026 on the prevention of autoimmune diseases confirms that this pattern can have a protective effect. This aligns with the idea that anti-inflammatory nutrients — especially from olive oil and fish — can help regulate the immune system overactivity underlying Sjögren's.
Benefits include the presence of antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, which can dampen inflammatory processes. There are no known direct risks or interactions with standard treatments for Sjögren's. This pattern is recommended in many guidelines for autoimmune diseases.
Omega-3-rich food and supplements
ResearchediPositive results in clinical studies, not yet standard treatment
Omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, are found in fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines) and to a lesser extent in plant-based sources such as flaxseed and walnuts. Supplements with fish oil or other sources are also available.
A meta-analysis and systematic review from 2026 examined different forms of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dry eyes (an important symptom of Sjögren's). The results suggest that omega-3 forms may be beneficial, especially for dry eyes of various causes. This aligns with the anti-inflammatory mechanism that may be relevant to Sjögren's.
Known benefits include possible improvement in tear production and eye lubrication. Interactions with medications are rare, but large doses could theoretically have a thinning effect. Tailored use is important, especially in combination with anticoagulants.
Periodic fasting and intermittent fasting
ExperimentaliOngoing in study setting, outcome still unknown
In intermittent fasting (IF), periods of eating and fasting alternate, for example eating within an 8-hour window per day, or alternate-day fasting. This pattern is being studied for possible effects on immune regulation.
A 2026 study shows that intermittent fasting can improve dry eyes in Sjögren's through changes in gut bacteria and bile acids, specifically through growth of Akkermansia (a bacterial strain with anti-inflammatory properties). Another animal experiment from 2026 shows that alternate-day fasting may improve salivary gland function and affect stem cell activity in a Sjögren's-like model.
These studies are still mostly conducted in animals or very small in humans. Risks include malnutrition with prolonged IF, especially since Sjögren's patients often already deal with nutritional deficiencies. Caution is warranted, and this should only be tried under the guidance of a healthcare provider and dietitian.
Gluten and gluten-free diet pattern
ResearchediPositive results in clinical studies, not yet standard treatment
A gluten-free diet avoids gluten, a protein from grains such as wheat, barley and rye. This pattern is sometimes suggested for autoimmune diseases.
A 2025 study surveyed Sjögren's patients about self-reported food sensitivities. It found that some patients reported experienced sensitivity to wheat, but this was not directly linked to gluten; rather to other substances in wheat. The prevalence of true gluten sensitivity (celiac disease) does not appear higher in Sjögren's than in the general population, although malnutrition (which gluten intake can worsen) does occur in Sjögren's.
A gluten-free diet is necessary for patients with confirmed celiac disease or gluten intolerance, but for others there is no direct evidence that it improves Sjögren's symptoms. Risks include possibly lower fiber and certain vitamin intake if the gluten-free diet is not well-structured. This should only be done with confirmed need.
Potassium-rich dietary pattern
ResearchediPositive results in clinical studies, not yet standard treatment
A potassium-rich dietary pattern emphasizes nutrition with high potassium: vegetables (spinach, broccoli), fruit (bananas, citrus fruit), legumes and certain fish. Potassium plays a role in immune regulation and inflammatory processes.
A mini-review from 2026 addresses potassium-rich, gluten-free diets specifically for patients with Sjögren's. The authors point to potential benefits of adequate potassium for immune balance, but emphasize that research is still limited. Potassium-rich food fits well into the Mediterranean pattern and may have anti-inflammatory benefits.
Caution is warranted in certain kidney function problems or when using certain medications (such as ACE inhibitors) that can raise potassium. This should be discussed with the treating physician and dietitian.
Selenium supplement and selenium-rich food
ResearchediPositive results in clinical studies, not yet standard treatment
Selenium is a trace element that plays a role in immune function and in antioxidant systems. Sources include nuts (especially Brazil nuts), fish, eggs and grains. Supplements are also available.
A large cohort study from 2026 examined selenium in a similar autoimmune disease (Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Although not directly targeting Sjögren's, it suggests that selenium may play a role in autoimmune regulation. Small, older studies suggest possible benefits for dry eyes and dry mouth in Sjögren's, but recent strong evidence is lacking.
Benefits may include anti-inflammatory effects and improvement of immune function. Risks lie in overdosing: higher than 400 micrograms per day can be toxic. Supplementation without an established deficiency should not take place without testing. This should be coordinated with the treating physician.
Protein-rich nutrition
ResearchediPositive results in clinical studies, not yet standard treatment
Protein-rich food emphasizes nutrition with high protein: fish, meat, eggs, dairy products, legumes, nuts. Protein is needed for immune function and tissue repair.
A nutrition screening study from 2026 showed that many Sjögren's patients display signs of malnutrition, measured by nutritional status and prognostic nutritional indices. This suggests that adequate protein intake is important. Good protein provision supports immune cell production and can help counteract loss of body weight.
There are no specific risks from moderate protein-rich food, unless kidney insufficiency is present. This is particularly important for patients who are losing weight or experiencing weakness.
Antioxidant-rich nutrition
ResearchediPositive results in clinical studies, not yet standard treatment
Antioxidant-rich food contains many vitamins C and E, carotenoids and polyphenols: colorful vegetables (red peppers, broccoli), berries, nuts and tea. These substances can neutralize harmful free radicals.
Recent research (2026) on medicinal herbs and food in Sjögren's emphasizes that antioxidants may help with immune homeostasis. This aligns with the fact that inflammatory processes and oxidative stress play a role in Sjögren's. The Mediterranean dietary pattern is rich in antioxidants.
There are no known risks from moderate intake of antioxidants from food. Very high doses via supplements can sometimes have unwanted effects, so food sources are preferred.
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Dietary choices in Sjögren's syndrome are individualized. Because many patients have malnutrition and specific deficiencies, and because medications and symptoms can affect nutrient intake, dietary advice should always involve the treating physician or a dietitian specialized in rheumatic conditions. This is especially true when established deficiencies are present or when experimental diets (such as intermittent fasting) are being considered.
_This information never replaces a doctor's judgment. Always discuss your situation with your own healthcare provider._